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public class HashMap extends AbstractMap implements Map, Cloneable, Serializable
Hash table based implementation of the Map interface. This implementation provides all of the optional map operations, and permits null values and the null key. (The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls.) This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.
This implementation provides constant-time performance for the basic operations (get and put), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets. Iteration over collection views requires time proportional to the "capacity" of the HashMap instance (the number of buckets) plus its size (the number of key-value mappings). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important.
An instance of HashMap has two parameters that affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. The capacity is the number of buckets in the hash table, and the initial capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created. The load factor is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased. When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity, the hash table is rehashed (that is, internal data structures are rebuilt) so that the hash table has approximately twice the number of buckets.
As a general rule, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff between time and space costs. Higher values decrease the space overhead but increase the lookup cost (reflected in most of the operations of the HashMap class, including get and put). The expected number of entries in the map and its load factor should be taken into account when setting its initial capacity, so as to minimize the number of rehash operations. If the initial capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries divided by the load factor, no rehash operations will ever occur.
If many mappings are to be stored in a HashMap instance, creating it with a sufficiently large capacity will allow the mappings to be stored more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table.
Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a hash map concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map. If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the {@link Collections#synchronizedMap Collections.synchronizedMap} method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the map:
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));
The iterators returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are fail-fast: if the map is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove method, the iterator will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.
This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.
Nested Class Summary |
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Nested classes/interfaces inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap |
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AbstractMap.SimpleEntry, AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry |
Constructor Summary | |
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HashMap() Constructs an empty HashMap with the default initial capacity (16) and the default load factor (0.75). |
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HashMap(int initialCapacity) Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial capacity and the default load factor (0.75). |
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HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial capacity and load factor. |
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Constructs a new HashMap with the same mappings as the specified Map. |
Method Summary | |
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void |
clear() Removes all of the mappings from this map. |
Object |
clone() Returns a shallow copy of this HashMap instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned. |
boolean |
containsKey(Object key) Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key. |
boolean |
containsValue(Object value) Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. |
Set |
entrySet() Returns a java.util.Set view of the mappings contained in this map. |
Object |
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or if this map contains no mapping for the key. |
boolean |
isEmpty() Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings. |
Set |
keySet() Returns a java.util.Set view of the keys contained in this map. |
Object |
Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. |
void |
Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map. |
Object |
Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present. |
int |
size() Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. |
Collection |
values() Returns a java.util.Collection view of the values contained in this map. |
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap |
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clear, clone, containsKey, containsValue, entrySet, equals, get, hashCode, isEmpty, keySet, put, putAll, remove, size, toString, values |
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
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clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
Constructor Detail |
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public HashMap()
public HashMap(int initialCapacity)
initialCapacity
- the initial capacity.public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)
initialCapacity
- the initial capacityloadFactor
- the load factorpublic HashMap(Map m)
m
- the map whose mappings are to be placed in this mapMethod Detail |
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public void clear()
clear
in class AbstractMap
public Object clone()
clone
in class AbstractMap
public boolean containsKey(Object key)
containsKey
in class AbstractMap
key
- The key whose presence in this map is to be testedpublic boolean containsValue(Object value)
containsValue
in class AbstractMap
value
- value whose presence in this map is to be testedpublic Set entrySet()
entrySet
in class AbstractMap
public Object get(Object key)
More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
A return value of {@code null} does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.
get
in class AbstractMap
key
public boolean isEmpty()
isEmpty
in class AbstractMap
public Set keySet()
keySet
in class AbstractMap
public Object put(Object key, Object value)
put
in class AbstractMap
key
- key with which the specified value is to be associatedvalue
- value to be associated with the specified keypublic void putAll(Map m)
putAll
in class AbstractMap
m
- mappings to be stored in this mappublic Object remove(Object key)
remove
in class AbstractMap
key
- key whose mapping is to be removed from the mappublic int size()
size
in class AbstractMap
public Collection values()
values
in class AbstractMap
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